Temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold something is. The Celsius temperature scale, formerly called the centigrade scale, was named for Anders Celsius (1701-1744), a Swedish astronomer. This is the scale that scientists use today.
Celsius assigned a value of 0 to the boiling point so water and 100 to the temperature of thawing ice. Instrument makers soon reversed the 0 and 100 to give us the modern freezing and boiling points of water as 0°C and 100 ° C, respectively.
Improperly cooked beef steaks and roasts are not as likely to cause disease as improperly cooked ground beef. Steaks and whole muscle cuts of beef must, however, be cooked to at least 63 °C internal temperature for 15 minutes to ensure destruction of the organisms on the outside of the meat as well as any internal pathogen.
Firmer fruits get their structure from pectin compounds; the skins and cores of apples are 10 - 20% pectin. For pectin to gelatinize jams and jellies, the recommended target temperature is 103 °C where the easily reached with sugary liquids.
Temperature scale: Celsius
